Backport v2024 <- v2025pre: Update from debian/bookworm-security

Backport of !229 (merged)

Before being able to merge this one, we need to merge some MRs in the following order:

1. llvm-toolchain-16!3 (merged)
2. https://gitlab.apertis.org/pkg/rustc-web/-/tree/apertis/v2024-security
3. rust-cbindgen-web!3 (merged)
4. !230 (merged)